![]() The general factor accounts for the common variance among all observed indicators (PSS-10 items), and the domain-specific factors account for the unique variance of subsets of indicators above and beyond the variance explained by the general factor ( Brown, 2013 Rios and Wells, 2014). ![]() In a bifactor model, all items load onto a general factor representing the target construct (perceived stress) intended to be assessed by a measure (PSS-10), as well as one of the domain-specific factors. Recently, two studies proposed a bifactor model of the PSS-10 comprised of a single underlying general factor of perceived stress and two domain-specific factors composed of negatively (Factor 1) and positively (Factor 2) worded items ( Jovanović and Gavrilov-Jerković, 2015 Wu and Amtmann, 2013). Factor 2 (positively worded items) has been termed “Perceived Self-Efficacy” ( Roberti et al., 2006) and “Positive Stress” ( Reis et al., 2010). Factor 1 (negatively worded items) has also been termed “Perceived Helplessness” ( Roberti et al., 2006) and “Negative Stress” ( Reis et al., 2010). Specifically, the two factors represent the negative feelings associated with stress (“Stress”) and positive feelings counter to stress (“Counter Stress”), consistent with Folkman’s (1997) modified stress theory. Other researchers, however, have posited that the two-factor model reflects distinct negative and positive components of the stress experience ( Barbosa-Leiker et al., 2013 Golden-Kreutz et al., 2004 Roberti et al., 2006). They conceptualized perceived stress, as measured by the PSS-10, as a single construct that can be evaluated by both negatively and positively worded items. Cohen and Williamson (1988) originally argued that the distinction between the two factors was irrelevant, as factor structure corresponded to item directionality. ![]() Studies have consistently identified a two-factor structure with six negatively worded items (Items 1–3, 6, 9, 10) comprising the first factor and four positively worded items (Items 4, 5, 7, 8) comprising the second factor (e.g., Barbosa-Leiker et al., 2013 Cohen and Williamson, 1988 Golden-Kreutz et al., 2004 Reis et al., 2010 Roberti et al., 2006). The dimensionality of the PSS-10 has received considerable empirical attention, although the underlying structure of the measure remains controversial. Since then, other studies have similarly reported that the PSS-10 has good internal consistency reliability (e.g., Barbosa-Leiker et al., 2013 Golden-Kreutz et al., 2004 Reis et al., 2010), and adequate convergent validity based on associations with measures of physical and mental health (e.g., Mitchell et al., 2008 Roberti et al., 2006 Wu and Amtmann, 2013). 001) and health service utilization ( r =. ![]() 001) and positive associations with psychosomatic symptoms ( rs =. 001) and adequate convergent validity as evidenced by expected negative associations with perceived health status ( r = −.22, p <. 001) and the frequency of stressful life events within the past year ( r =. 78) moderate concurrent criterion validity with the amount of stress experienced during an average week ( r =. ( Cohen and Williamson 1988) reported that scores on the PSS-10 demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability (α =. The psychometric properties of the PSS-10 were originally evaluated in a large national sample of 2,387 American adults. The PSS-10 was recommended by the scale developers for use in future research, as it demonstrated psychometric properties comparable to the original, 14-item version. ![]() A shorter 10-item version of the PSS (PSS-10 Cohen and Williamson, 1988) was derived by removing the four items with the lowest factor loadings (Items 4, 5, 12, and 13) from the original scale (PSS). The PSS yields a total score that describes overall perceived stress. Respondents rate the frequency of their feelings and thoughts about life events and situations over the previous month using a five-point scale ranging from (0) Never to (4) Very Often. As a global stress measure, the PSS items are general in nature rather than event-specific, and evaluate the extent to which individuals perceive their lives to be “unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloading” ( Cohen et al., 1983, p. The 14-item self-report Perceived Stress Scale (PSS Cohen et al., 1983) is widely used to assess the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful ( Cohen et al., 1983). ![]()
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